Objective To master the cockroach density, infestation, seasonal variation and population distribution, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of cockroach prevention and control. Methods A total of 70 sites suitable for cockroach breeding and resting in 14 cities and towns of Liaoning province from January to December 2012 were selected for surveillance by stick-capture method. Descriptive analysis was performed on all data using Excel 2010 software. Results A total of 47 647 cockroaches were captured from 2012 to 2016. The predominant species was Blattella germanica (97.28%). The total density was 0.48 insects per sheet. The total infestation was 12.75%. The highest cockroach density and infestation appeared in farm produce market, the lowest appeared in hotels. Seasonal variations of cockroach density from 2013 to 2015 showed a single peak curve, but the trend in 2012 showed a double peak curve. Seasonal variations of farm produce markets showed a single peak curve, but the trend of restaurants and hospitals showed a double peak curve. The cockroach infestation showed a single curve over the years. The highest peaks of density and infestation occurred between July and August. Conclusion The density of cockroach showed a slight rise from 2012 to 2016, but the infestation showed a slight downward. The farm produce market should be the focus of the cockroach prevention and control. Combined with the seasonal fluctuation trend of cockroach density and infestation in different habitats, comprehensive prevention should be taken during the peak time to reduce cockroach density and control diseases they transmit.

Objective To investigate the species composition of the flies and seasonal fluctuation in Liaoning province and to provide a scientific basis for controlling the breeding and control of flies. Methods The cage trap method was used to capture flies from April to October during 2013-2017. The monitoring sites were chosen in the residential areas, restaurants, greenbelts and farm produce markets in fourteen cities of Liaoning province. Then the composition ratio of flies was analyzed, and the density differences of different species and different environments and their seasonal fluctuations were compared. Results A total of 3 000 cages, 123 855 flies and the density of 6.88 per cage per hour from 2013 to 2017, annual fly density was 7.19, 9.23, 6.42, 5.72, and 6.03 per cage per hour in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 respectively. Lucilia sericata (45.12%), Musca domestica (14.80%) and Muscina stabulans (13.89%) were the predominant species. The highest density of flies was found in farm produce markets (9.96 per cage per hour) and the lowest was found in the residential areas (4.22 per cage per hour). The overall seasonal prevalence in last five years was a single-peak curve. The peak density of flies in each year appeared in middle July or middle August. Conclusion The control system of flies in Liaoning province should be coordinated with the seasons. In July and August when flies are most active, control measures should be adopted, which mainly focus on environmental management and supplemented by pesticide applications to effectively reduce the density of flies.

Objective To study faunal characteristic of flea in Liaoning province. Methods Field collection and supplement literature, investigation on flea in different natural geographic regions in Liaoning province during 2008-2015, the collected flea specimens were systematically classified. Using the principles and methods of animal geography and physical geography to study the distribution of fleas in different animal geography areas in Liaoning province. Results In total 47 species, 6 families 23 genera of fleas were found in Liaoning province, of which 19 species of grassland fleas, 17 species of forest fleas, 6 species of worldwide distribution, and 5 species of local distribution. In the distribution of the world flora, and 16 species shared with Oriental world the most common and the most closely related, followed by the new North sector of 9 species. And all the other groups of fleas were worldwide species, the relationship was distant. There are 46 species of fleas in Northeast Asia, 42 species of subcontinent in Central Asia, 35 species of Siberian subfamily, 9 species of subcontinent in Asia and 7 species of subcontinent in suburbs. Therefore, Liaoning and Siberia shared, the largest number of fleas and the most closely related, followed by the European sub-community, and the Mediterranean Asia with less connection; there are 41 species of flea, 42 species in North China, 38 species of Mengxin district, 15 species of Qinghai-Tibet area, 15 species of central area, 10 species of southwest area and 9 species in southern China. Conclusion Fleas, like other natural elements, are an integral part of the environment, the distribution of fleas in each animal's geographical area is the result of adaptation to the natural geographical environment.

Objective To study faunal characteristic of Sarcophagidae in Liaoning province, China. Methods During 2010-2015, fly investigation was conducted in eastern Liaoning Changbai mountain, western Liaoning-Hebei hilly area, northwestern Liaoning Nuluerhu hilly area and Liaohe watershed by insect netting. Flies were collected from different geographical landscapes, then pinned and identified by morphological taxonomy. Sarcophagidae fauna was classified by ecology and zoogeography principles. Results In total, 94 species of Sarcrophagidae flies belonging to 30 genera in 3 subfamilies spread over Liaoning province. Judging by the distribution of the flies in the natural areas, the Sarcophagidae belong to Northeast China of Northeastern Asia in Palaearctic Region. It has the highest common component with the Oriental community, most endemic species, and the closest similarities. Followed Palaearctic Region were New Northern, African, Australian and New Tropics. The highest domestic similarity was found with North China, followed by Mengxin, Central China, Southwest, Qinghai-Tibet and South China. Conclusion Geological structure conditions is one of the important factors to cause the species diversity of flies. The distribution of the flies in each region is in accordance with the climatic and geographical conditions of the region, but also with the region's climate and land geological history consistent, especially the Quaternary glacial, where the distribution of flies coincides with the dramatic changes in climate and the natural environment. The southward glacial ice sheet climates forced the northern part of the forest flies following the Taijialin moving southward. In the process of long-term natural selection of Sarcophagidae in Liaoning province, the composition of complex and a variety of unique faunal features were established.

Objective To master the condition of rodent population distribution, seasonal fluctuation, rodent density for different habitats, and to provide a basis for developing rodent control strategies. Methods The rodents density was investigated by night trapping. Two types of monitoring points were chosen in town, one in residential and the other in special industry. Two types of monitoring points chosen in village were the rural and outside. Results Totally 1 059 319 traps were placed, 1 009 744 were effective, and 18 929 rodents were captured in Liaoning province from 2006 to 2015, the average rodent density was 1.87%. The density of rodents was lower in city(1.15%) than village(2.69%), and the highest was outside the village(3.39%), followed by inside the village(1.97%), special industry(1.32%) and residential community(0.97%). The density of rodents inside the village, in special industry and residential community were decreased, but that outside the village increased. Rattus norvegicus was predominant species in Liaoning province. The rodent constituent of R. norvegicus decreased, the rodent constituent of Apodemus agrarius and Mus musculus increased, the rodent constituent of Cricetulus barabensis and Tscherskia triton remained stable. In different habitats, R. norvegicus was predominant species inside the village, in special industry and residential community, Ap. agrarius was predominant species outside the village. The rodent constituent of R. norvegicus decreased in all those different habitats, M. musculus increased, Ap. agrarius outside the village increased, C. hamster and T. triton remained stable. Conclusion The density of rodents totally deceased from 2006 to 2015, but increased in recent years. The density of rodents was lower in city than village, the prevention and control for rodent density should focus on the rural areas. In different habitats,the rodent constituent of R. norvegicus decreased, M. musculus increased, Ap. agrarius outside the village increased. According to their characteristics of different habitats, comprehensive prevention measures should be taken to reduce the rodent density, for the purpose of controlling rodent-borne diseases.

Objective To investigate the population composition and seasonality of rodents and their density in different habitats in Liaoning province, China, and to provide a scientific reference for developing rodent control strategies. Methods Two types of monitoring points were chosen in cities (and towns), one type in residential area and the other in special industrial area. Additionally, two types of monitoring points were chosen in rural areas, one type in villages and the other out of villages. The density of rodents was monitored by night trapping. Results Totally 506 806 traps were set up in Liaoning province from 2009 to 2013. There were 485 792 effective traps, which captured 7548 rodents. The average density of rodents was estimated to be 1.55%, with a higher level in villages (2.25%) than in cities (0.93%). The density of rodents was highest in natural villages (2.25%), followed by special industrial areas (1.09%) and residential areas (0.78%) in cities. Seasonal fluctuations of rodent density in total, individual years, or different habitats followed a double-peak curve. Two peaks of rodent density occurred in April to May and in September to October, respectively. Rattus norvegicus was the dominant species of rodents in Liaoning province. Conclusion The density of commensal rodents in Liaoning province showed a slightly increasing trend from 2009 to 2013. Seasonality of rodent density followed a double-peak curve. The control of rodent density should focus on rural areas. According to their characteristics of seasonal fluctuations, comprehensive preventive measures should be taken to reduce the density of rodents in the two peak periods, in order to control rodent-borne diseases.

Objective To investigate the resistance of malaria vector Anopheles to five insecticides in Liaoning province, China and to provide a basis for prevention and control strategies. Methods The filter paper contact method for adult mosquitoes, as recommended by WHO, was used to measure the mortality of malaria vector Anopheles and its susceptibility to five insecticides. Results Malaria vector Anopheles had resistance to five insecticides in Donggang city of Dandong and Beizhen city of Jinzhou, and the lowest mortality was only 16.7%. In Dandong, Tieling, and Jinzhou, Anopheles mosquitoes also developed varying degrees of resistance to 4% DDT, 0.05% deltamethrin, and 0.05% beta-cypermethrin, with the highest mortality of 97.4%. The 0.1% propoxur had good lethal effect on malaria vector Anopheles in Zhen'an district of Dandong and Kaiyuan city of Tieling, and 0.75% permethrin had good lethal effect on Anopheles mosquitoes in the Zhen'an district, all leading to a mosquito mortality of 100%. Conclusion In some areas of Liaoning province, malaria vector Anopheles maintains high resistance to DDT, and it also has varying degrees of resistance to beta-cypermethrin and deltamethrin. Thus, it is necessary to properly use the insecticides for delaying the development of insecticide resistance. Malaria vector Anopheles is relatively sensitive to propoxur and permethrin, so the two can be applied as main insecticides for Anopheles control at present.

【Abstract】 Objective To study the distribution,species and faunal regions characteristics of siphonaptera in Liaoning province. Methods The principle and method of zoogeography were used in this study. Results Nuruer Tiger Mountain is the watershed of Daling river and the upstream of the Liaohe river. Because of its obstruction to warm air current, the climate on both side of watershed changed differently. It was found that the zone of   siphonaptera and host animals fauna elements changed through investigation, especially the quality change of a representative special species. So, it suggested that the boundary of Chinese zoogeographic fauna of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia and East China region in northwest of Liaoning province was amended, and the siphonaptera area of Liaoning province was divided into 7 province and 6 states. Conclusion The fauna characteristics should not judge according to merely the fauna element and the change of representative special species, the unity of animals distribution and environment conditions also plays an important roles.

In this paper a new species of Myospila Rondani,1856 was described and illustrated from western Sichuan province,China.The type specimens were kept in the Medical Entomological Collection Gallery,Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Beijing,China. Myospila flavitibia sp.nov.(Fig.1)Male:Body length 5.5-6.5 mm.This new species is similar to Myospila lauta(Stein,1918),but differs from the latter in following features:Male frons about 0.04-0.06 times as the head-width at middle part;femora yellow in part;scutellum yellow on distal part;anterior region of metapleura bare.It is also similar to Myospila trochanterata Emden,1965,but differs from the latter in following features: anterior ia absent;antennae black-dark;fore femora black-dark,sometimes in the knees or apical part yellow;anterior facets of eyes not markedly enlarged.Female: Unknown.Holotype: ♂,Ya'an(Mt.Jinfeng,860 m;29°59′N,102°56′E),Sichuan province,China,1993-11-25,collected by Feng Yan;Paratypes: 2♂♂,1993-11-14,25,same locality as holotype;1♂,1984-06-07;1♂,1987-05-29;1♂,1993-11-19,Ya'an(Mt.Zhougong,1760 m;29°58′N,102°59′E);1♂,1981-0329,Ya'an(Mt.Weiganding,820 m;29°59′N,102°58′E),same collector as holotype.

Helina interaesta sp.nov.(Figs.1-5).Male:Body length 5.0 mm.This new species is similar to Helina reversio(Harris,1780),but differs from the latter by:mid tibia without ad seta(the latter with 1-2);the dorsal of 5th tergite with a pair of long triangle lateral spots(the latter without);male cercus with inner and outer projections on anterior margin in posterior view(the latter without).Female:unknown.Holotype ♂,Hanyuan(Mt.Tuanbao,3053 m,29°23′N,102°52′E),10 Jul.1988,collected by Feng Yan.The type specimen is kept in the Medical Entomological Collection Gallery,Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Beijing,China.

Helina emeishanana sp.nov.(figs.1-4) Male:Body length 6.5mm., of wings 6.5mm..This new species is closely related to Helina emeishanana Xue et Zhao,1988,but differs from the latter in having the submedian stripes on the scutum not reach scutellar suture;hind tibia with a row of P setae strong;distal part of cercus in male gradually constricted and wide-arc curved on anterior margin in lateral view.The latter by having the submedian stripes on the scutum reaching scutellar suture;hind tibia without a row of p seta;apical part of cercus in male intensely constricted and ware curved on anterior margin in lateral view.Female:Unknown.Holotyp ♂,Mt.Emei(Wanfoding,3 099m;2959′N,103°42′E),18 July 1988,collected by Feng Yan.The type specimen was kept in the Medical Entomological Collection Gallery,Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Beijing,China.

Objective:Trial-produce slow relesase repellent with inclusion compound technology.Methods:The deet inclusion compound was made in method of saturated solution.Its toxicity was tested by using method of GB7919-87.Repelling effect of human body was tested by testing methed of GB/T17322.10-1998.Result:Its oral and dermal LD ₅₀were over5000mg/kgand3000mg/kg respectively in rats,efficacious time was 6.2±0.54 for human body,it has no dermal and eye irritancy on rabbits.Conclusion:The deet inclusion compound has almost no toxicity for human boday,it was very steady on light and heat,the active in gredient were slow relesase.